11-16-2021, 06:27 PM
With respect to naturally derived muons...
"The angular distribution of the atmospheric muon intensity5 is found to be approximately proportional to cos nθ, where θ is the zenith angle and n ≈ 2 [25], with mild dependence of n on energy, latitude, altitude and depth [26]. This strong dependence on the zenith angle implies a large difference in muon rate, and therefore much longer exposure times are needed when observing an object from a horizontal or quasi-horizontal line of sight (which is typically the case when imaging mountains and volcanoes from a distance) with respect to a vertical one. For example, the difference in rate and therefore exposure time between vertical and horizontal orientation was found to be around a factor of eight with the detector geometry of Ref. [27]. In general, this ratio depends on the angular acceptance of the detector, over which the angular distribution of the incoming muons is integrated."
The above is why I have stated that the use of artificially produced muon beams would be beneficial for real-time volcanic eruption detection systems, providing optimal imaging arrangements.
Citation is from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...8320300010
"The angular distribution of the atmospheric muon intensity5 is found to be approximately proportional to cos nθ, where θ is the zenith angle and n ≈ 2 [25], with mild dependence of n on energy, latitude, altitude and depth [26]. This strong dependence on the zenith angle implies a large difference in muon rate, and therefore much longer exposure times are needed when observing an object from a horizontal or quasi-horizontal line of sight (which is typically the case when imaging mountains and volcanoes from a distance) with respect to a vertical one. For example, the difference in rate and therefore exposure time between vertical and horizontal orientation was found to be around a factor of eight with the detector geometry of Ref. [27]. In general, this ratio depends on the angular acceptance of the detector, over which the angular distribution of the incoming muons is integrated."
The above is why I have stated that the use of artificially produced muon beams would be beneficial for real-time volcanic eruption detection systems, providing optimal imaging arrangements.
Citation is from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ar...8320300010